Execute Gradle builds in GitHub Actions workflows

This GitHub Action can be used to configure Gradle and optionally execute a Gradle build on any platform supported by GitHub Actions.

Use the action to setup Gradle

If you have an existing workflow invoking Gradle, you can add an initial "Setup Gradle" Step to benefit from caching, build-scan capture and other features of the gradle-build-action.

All subsequent Gradle invocations will benefit from this initial setup, via init scripts added to the Gradle User Home.

name: Run Gradle on PRs
on: pull_request
jobs:
  gradle:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - uses: actions/setup-java@v3
      with:
        distribution: temurin
        java-version: 11
        
    - name: Setup Gradle
      uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
    
    - name: Execute Gradle build
      run: ./gradlew build

Why use the gradle-build-action?

It is possible to directly invoke Gradle in your workflow, and the actions/setup-java@v3 action provides a simple way to cache Gradle dependencies.

However, the gradle-build-action offers a number of advantages over this approach:

• Easily run the build with different versions of Gradle using the gradle-version parameter. Gradle distributions are automatically downloaded and cached.
• More sophisticated and more efficient caching of Gradle User Home between invocations, compared to setup-java and most custom configurations using actions/cache. More details below.
• Detailed reporting of cache usage and cache configuration options allow you to optimize the use of the GitHub actions cache.
• Automatic capture of build scan links from the build, making these easier to locate for workflow run.

The gradle-build-action is designed to provide these benefits with minimal configuration. These features work both when Gradle is executed via the gradle-build-action and for any Gradle execution in subsequent steps.

When using gradle-build-action we recommend that you not use actions/cache or actions/setup-java@v3 to explicitly cache the Gradle User Home. Doing so may interfere with the caching provided by this action.

Use a specific Gradle version

The gradle-build-action can download and install a specified Gradle version, adding this installed version to the PATH. Downloaded Gradle versions are stored in the GitHub Actions cache, to avoid requiring downloading again later.

 - uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
   with:
     gradle-version: 6.5

The gradle-version parameter can be set to any valid Gradle version.

Moreover, you can use the following aliases:

Alias	Selects
wrapper	The Gradle wrapper's version (default, useful for matrix builds)
current	The current stable release
release-candidate	The current release candidate if any, otherwise fallback to current
nightly	The latest nightly, fails if none.
release-nightly	The latest release nightly, fails if none.

This can be handy to automatically verify your build works with the latest release candidate of Gradle:

name: Test latest Gradle RC
on:
  schedule:
    - cron: 0 0 * * * # daily
jobs:
  gradle-rc:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - uses: actions/setup-java@v3
      with:
        distribution: temurin
        java-version: 11
    - uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
      with:
        gradle-version: release-candidate
    - run: gradle build --dry-run # just test build configuration

Gradle Execution

If the action is configured with an arguments input, then Gradle will execute a Gradle build with the arguments provided.

If no arguments are provided, the action will not execute Gradle, but will still cache Gradle state and configure build-scan capture for all subsequent Gradle executions.

name: Run Gradle on PRs
on: pull_request
jobs:
  gradle:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - uses: actions/setup-java@v3
      with:
        distribution: temurin
        java-version: 11
    
    - name: Setup and execute Gradle 'test' task
      uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
      with:
        arguments: test

Multiple Gradle executions in the same Job

It is possible to configure multiple Gradle executions to run sequentially in the same job. The initial Action step will perform the Gradle setup.

- uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
  with:
    arguments: assemble
- uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
  with:
    arguments: check

Gradle command-line arguments

The arguments input can be used to pass arbitrary arguments to the gradle command line. Arguments can be supplied in a single line, or as a multi-line input.

Here are some valid examples:

arguments: build
arguments: check --scan
arguments: some arbitrary tasks
arguments: build -PgradleProperty=foo
arguments: |
    build
    --scan
    -PgradleProperty=foo
    -DsystemProperty=bar    

If you need to pass environment variables, use the GitHub Actions workflow syntax:

- uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
  env:
    CI: true
  with:
    arguments: build

Gradle build located in a subdirectory

By default, the action will execute Gradle in the root directory of your project. Use the build-root-directory input to target a Gradle build in a subdirectory.

- uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
  with:
    arguments: build
    build-root-directory: some/subdirectory

Using a specific Gradle executable

The action will first look for a Gradle wrapper script in the root directory of your project. If not found, gradle will be executed from the PATH. Use the gradle-executable input to execute using a specific Gradle installation.

 - uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
   with:
     arguments: build
     gradle-executable: /path/to/installed/gradle

This mechanism can also be used to target a Gradle wrapper script that is located in a non-default location.

Caching

By default, this action aims to cache any and all reusable state that may be speed up a subsequent build invocation.

The state that is cached includes:

• Any distributions downloaded to satisfy a gradle-version parameter ;
• A subset of the Gradle User Home directory, including downloaded dependencies, wrapper distributions, and the local build cache ;

To reduce the space required for caching, this action makes a best effort to reduce duplication in cache entries.

Caching is enabled by default. You can disable caching for the action as follows:

cache-disabled: true

Cache keys

Distributions downloaded to satisfy a gradle-version parameter are stored outside of Gradle User Home and cached separately. The cache key is unique to the downloaded distribution and will not change over time.

The state of the Gradle User Home is highly dependent on the Gradle execution, so the cache key is composed of the current commit hash and the GitHub actions job id. As such, the cache key is likely to change on each subsequent run of GitHub actions. This allows the most recent state to always be available in the GitHub actions cache.

To reduce duplication between cache entries, certain artifacts are cached independently based on their identity. Artifacts that are cached independently include downloaded dependencies, downloaded wrapper distributions and generated Gradle API jars. For example, this means that all jobs executing a particular version of the Gradle wrapper will share common entries for wrapper distributions and for generated Gradle API jars.

Using the caches read-only

By default, the gradle-build-action will only write to the cache from Jobs on the default (main/master) branch. Jobs on other branches will read entries from the cache but will not write updated entries. See Optimizing cache effectiveness for a more detailed explanation.

In some circumstances it makes sense to change this default, and to configure a workflow Job to read existing cache entries but not to write changes back.

You can configure read-only caching for the gradle-build-action as follows:

# Only write to the cache for builds on the 'main' and 'release' branches. (Default is 'main' only.)
# Builds on other branches will only read existing entries from the cache.
cache-read-only: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/main' && github.ref != 'refs/heads/release' }}

Stopping the Gradle daemon

By default, the action will stop all running Gradle daemons in the post-action step, prior to saving the Gradle User Home state. This allows for any Gradle User Home cleanup to occur, and avoid file-locking issues on Windows.

If caching is unavailable or the cache is in read-only mode, the daemon will not be stopped and will continue running after the job is completed.

Gradle User Home cache tuning

As well as any wrapper distributions, the action will attempt to save and restore the caches and notifications directories from Gradle User Home.

The contents to be cached can be fine tuned by including and excluding certain paths with Gradle User Home.

# Cache downloaded JDKs in addition to the default directories.
gradle-home-cache-includes: |
    caches
    notifications
    jdks    
# Exclude the local build-cache and keyrings from the directories cached.
gradle-home-cache-excludes: |
    caches/build-cache-1
    caches/keyrings    

You can specify any number of fixed paths or patterns to include or exclude. File pattern support is documented at https://docs.github.com/en/actions/learn-github-actions/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#patterns-to-match-file-paths.

Cache debugging and analysis

Gradle User Home state will be restored from the cache during the first gradle-build-action step for any workflow job. This state will be saved back to the cache at the end of the job, after all Gradle executions have completed. A report of all cache entries restored and saved is printed to the Job Summary when saving the cache entries. This report can provide valuable insignt into how much cache space is being used.

It is possible to enable additional debug logging for cache operations. You do via the GRADLE_BUILD_ACTION_CACHE_DEBUG_ENABLED environment variable:

env:
  GRADLE_BUILD_ACTION_CACHE_DEBUG_ENABLED: true

Note that this setting will also prevent certain cache operations from running in parallel, further assisting with debugging.

Optimizing cache effectiveness

Cache storage space for GitHub actions is limited, and writing new cache entries can trigger the deletion of existing entries. Eviction of shared cache entries can reduce cache effectiveness, slowing down your gradle-build-action steps.

There are a number of actions you can take if your cache use is less effective due to entry eviction.

Select branches that should write to the cache

GitHub cache entries are not shared between builds on different branches. This means that each PR branch will have it's own Gradle User Home cache, and will not benefit from cache entries written by other PR branches. An exception to this is that cache entries written in parent and upstream branches are visible to child branches, and cache entries for the default (master/main) branch can be read by actions invoked for any other branch.

By default, the gradle-build-action will only write to the cache for builds run on the default (master/main) branch. Jobs run on other branches will only read from the cache. In most cases, this is the desired behaviour, because Jobs run against other branches will benefit from the cache Gradle User Home from main, without writing private cache entries that could lead to evicting shared entries.

If you have other long-lived development branches that would benefit from writing to the cache, you can configure these by overriding the cache-read-only action parameter. See Using the caches read-only for more details.

Similarly, you could use cache-read-only for certain jobs in the workflow, and instead have these jobs reuse the cache content from upstream jobs.

Exclude content from Gradle User Home cache

Each build is different, and some builds produce more Gradle User Home content than others. Cache debugging can provide insight into which cache entries are the largest, and you can selectively exclude content using gradle-home-cache-exclude.

Removing unused files from Gradle User Home before saving to cache

The Gradle User Home directory has a tendency to grow over time. When you switch to a new Gradle wrapper version or upgrade a dependency version the old files are not automatically and immediately removed. While this can make sense in a local environment, in a GitHub Actions environment it can lead to ever-larger Gradle User Home cache entries being saved and restored.

In order to avoid this situation, the gradle-build-action supports the gradle-home-cache-cleanup parameter. When enabled, this feature will attempt to delete any files in the Gradle User Home that were not used by Gradle during the GitHub Actions workflow, prior to saving the Gradle User Home to the GitHub Actions cache.

Gradle Home cache cleanup is disabled by default. You can enable this feature for the action as follows:

gradle-home-cache-cleanup: true

Build reporting

The gradle-build-action collects information about any Gradle executions that occur in a workflow, and reports these via a Job Summary, visible in the GitHub Actions UI. For each Gradle execution, details about the invocation are listed, together with a link to any Build Scan® published.

Generation of a Job Summary is enabled by default. If this is not desired, it can be disable as follows:

generate-job-summary: false

Note that the action collects information about Gradle invocations via an Initialization Script located at USER_HOME/.gradle/init.d/build-result-capture.init.gradle. If you are using init scripts for the Gradle Enterprise Gradle Plugin like scans-init.gradle or gradle-enterprise-init.gradle, you'll need to ensure these files are applied prior to build-result-capture.init.gradle. Since Gradle applies init scripts in alphabetical order, one way to ensure this is via file naming.

Build scan link as Step output

As well as reporting the Build Scan link in the Job Summary, the gradle-build-action action makes this link available as a Step output named build-scan-url.

You can then use that link in subsequent actions of your workflow. For example:

# .github/workflows/gradle-build-pr.yml
name: Run Gradle on PRs
on: pull_request
jobs:
  gradle:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - name: Checkout project sources
      uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - name: Setup Gradle
      uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
    - name: Run build with Gradle wrapper
      id: gradle
      run: ./gradlew build --scan
    - name: "Add build scan URL as PR comment"
      uses: actions/github-script@v5
      if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && failure()
      with:
        github-token: ${{secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN}}
        script: |
          github.rest.issues.createComment({
            issue_number: context.issue.number,
            owner: context.repo.owner,
            repo: context.repo.repo,
            body: '❌ ${{ github.workflow }} failed: ${{ steps.gradle.outputs.build-scan-url }}'
          })          

Saving build outputs

By default, a GitHub Actions workflow using gradle-build-action will record the log output and any Build Scan links for your build, but any output files generated by the build will not be saved.

To save selected files from your build execution, you can use the core Upload-Artifact action. For example:

jobs:   
  gradle:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - name: Checkout project sources
      uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - name: Setup Gradle
      uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
    - name: Run build with Gradle wrapper
      run: ./gradlew build --scan
    - name: Upload build reports
      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
      with:
        name: build-reports
        path: build/reports/

Support for GitHub Enterprise Server (GHES)

You can use the gradle-build-action on GitHub Enterprise Server, and benefit from the improved integration with Gradle. Depending on the version of GHES you are running, certain features may be limited:

• Build scan links are captured and displayed in the GitHub Actions UI
• Easily run your build with different versions of Gradle
• Save/restore of Gradle User Home (requires GHES v3.5+ : GitHub Actions cache was introduced in GHES 3.5)
• Support for GitHub Actions Job Summary (requires GHES 3.6+ : GitHub Actions Job Summary support was introduced in GHES 3.6). In earlier versions of GHES the build-results summary and caching report will be written to the workflow log, as part of the post-action step.

GitHub Dependency Graph support (Experimental)

The gradle-build-action has experimental support for submitting a GitHub Dependency Graph snapshot via the GitHub Dependency Submission API.

The dependency graph snapshot is generated via integration with the GitHub Dependency Graph Gradle Plugin, and saved as a workflow artifact. The generated snapshot files can be submitted either in the same job, or in a subsequent job (in the same or a dependent workflow).

You enable GitHub Dependency Graph support by setting the dependency-graph action parameter. Valid values are:

Option	Behaviour
disabled	Do not generate a dependency graph for any build invocations. This is the default.
generate	Generate a dependency graph snapshot for each build invocation, saving as a workflow artifact.
generate-and-submit	As per generate, but any generated dependency graph snapshots will be submitted at the end of the job.
download-and-submit	Download any previously saved dependency graph snapshots, submitting them via the Dependency Submission API. This can be useful to collect all snapshots in a matrix of builds and submit them in one step.

• 'disabled': Do not generate a dependency graph for any build invocations. This is the default.
• 'generate': Generate a dependency graph snapshot for each build invocation, saving as a workflow artifact.
• 'generate-and-submit': As per 'generate', but any generated dependency graph snapshots will be submitted at the end of the job.
• 'download-and-submit': Download any previously saved dependency graph snapshots, submitting them via the Dependency Submission API. This can be useful to collect all snapshots in a matrix of builds and submit them in one step.

Dependency Graph submission (but not generation) requires the contents: write permission, which may need to be explicitly enabled in the workflow file.

Example of a simple workflow that generates and submits a dependency graph:

name: Submit dependency graph
on:
  push:
  
permissions:
  contents: write

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - name: Setup Gradle to generate and submit dependency graphs
      uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@dependency-graph
      with:
        dependency-graph: generate-and-submit
    - name: Run a build, generating the dependency graph snapshot which will be submitted
      run: ./gradlew build

Running multiple builds in a single Job

GitHub tracks dependency snapshots based on the job.correlator value that is embedded in the snapshot. When a newer snapshot for an existing correlator is submitted, the previous snapshot is replaced. Snapshots with different job.correlator values are additive to the overall dependency graph for the repository.

The gradle-build-action will generate a job.correlator value based on the workflow name, job id and matrix values. However, if your job steps contains multiple Gradle invocations, then a unique correlator value must be assigned to each. You assign a correlator by setting the GITHUB_DEPENDENCY_GRAPH_JOB_CORRELATOR environment variable.

name: dependency-graph
jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - name: Setup Gradle to generate and submit dependency graphs
      uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@dependency-graph
      with:
        dependency-graph: generate-and-submit
    - name: Run first build using the default job correlator 'dependency-graph-build'
      run: ./gradlew build
    - name: Run second build providing a unique job correlator
      run: ./gradlew test
      env:
         GITHUB_DEPENDENCY_GRAPH_JOB_CORRELATOR: dependency-graph-test
      

Dependency snapshots generated for pull requests

This contents: write permission is not available for any workflow that is triggered by a pull request submitted from a forked repository, since it would permit a malicious pull request to make repository changes.

Because of this restriction, it is not possible to generate-and-submit a dependency graph generated for a pull-request that comes from a repository fork. In order to do so, 2 workflows will be required:

1. The first workflow runs directly against the pull request sources and will generate the dependency graph snapshot.
2. The second workflow is triggered on workflow_run of the first workflow, and will submit the previously saved dependency snapshots.

Note: when download-and-submit is used in a workflow triggered via workflow_run, the action will download snapshots saved in the triggering workflow.

Main workflow file

name: run-build-and-generate-dependency-snapshot

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    - name: Setup Gradle to generate and submit dependency graphs
      uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
      with:
        dependency-graph: generate # Only generate in this job
    - name: Run a build, generating the dependency graph snapshot which will be submitted
      run: ./gradlew build

Dependent workflow file

name: submit-dependency-snapshot

on:
  workflow_run:
    workflows: ['run-build-and-generate-dependency-snapshot']
    types: [completed]

jobs:
  submit-snapshots:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Retrieve dependency graph artifact and submit
        uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2
      with:
        dependency-graph: download-and-submit