ansible/docsite/rst/playbooks_conditionals.rst

Conditionals
============

.. contents::
   :depth: 2

Often the result of a play may depend on the value of a variable, fact (something learned about the remote system), 
or previous task result.  In some cases, the values of variables may depend on other variables.  
Further, additional groups can be created to manage hosts based on
whether the hosts match other criteria.   There are many options to control execution flow in Ansible.

Let's dig into what they are.

.. contents::
   :depth: 2

The When Statement
``````````````````

Sometimes you will want to skip a particular step on a particular host.  This could be something
as simple as not installing a certain package if the operating system is a particular version,
or it could be something like performing some cleanup steps if a filesystem is getting full.

This is easy to do in Ansible, with the `when` clause, which contains a Jinja2 expression (see `playbooks_variables`).
It's actually pretty simple::

    tasks:
      - name: "shutdown Debian flavored systems"
        command: /sbin/shutdown -t now
        when: ansible_os_family == "Debian"

A number of Jinja2 "filters" can also be used in when statements, some of which are unique
and provided by Ansible.  Suppose we want to ignore the error of one statement and then
decide to do something conditionally based on success or failure::

    tasks:
      - command: /bin/false
        register: result
        ignore_errors: True
      - command: /bin/something
        when: result|failed
      - command: /bin/something_else
        when: result|success
      - command: /bin/still/something_else
        when: result|skipped

Note that was a little bit of foreshadowing on the 'register' statement.  We'll get to it a bit later in this chapter.

As a reminder, to see what facts are available on a particular system, you can do::

    ansible hostname.example.com -m setup

Tip: Sometimes you'll get back a variable that's a string and you'll want to do a math operation comparison on it.  You can do this like so::

    tasks:
      - shell: echo "only on Red Hat 6, derivatives, and later"
        when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_lsb.major_release|int >= 6

.. note:: the above example requires the lsb_release package on the target host in order to return the ansible_lsb.major_release fact.

Variables defined in the playbooks or inventory can also be used.  An example may be the execution of a task based on a variable's boolean value::

    vars:
      epic: true

Then a conditional execution might look like::

    tasks:
        - shell: echo "This certainly is epic!"
          when: epic

or::
 
    tasks:
        - shell: echo "This certainly isn't epic!"
          when: not epic

If a required variable has not been set, you can skip or fail using Jinja2's
`defined` test. For example::

    tasks:
        - shell: echo "I've got '{{ foo }}' and am not afraid to use it!"
          when: foo is defined

        - fail: msg="Bailing out: this play requires 'bar'"
          when: bar is not defined

This is especially useful in combination with the conditional import of vars
files (see below).

Note that when combining `when` with `with_items` (see :doc:`playbooks_loops`), be aware that the `when` statement is processed separately for each item. This is by design::

    tasks:
        - command: echo {{ item }}
          with_items: [ 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ]
          when: item > 5

Loading in Custom Facts
```````````````````````

It's also easy to provide your own facts if you want, which is covered in :doc:`developing_modules`.  To run them, just
make a call to your own custom fact gathering module at the top of your list of tasks, and variables returned
there will be accessible to future tasks::

    tasks:
        - name: gather site specific fact data
          action: site_facts
        - command: /usr/bin/thingy
          when: my_custom_fact_just_retrieved_from_the_remote_system == '1234'
                   
Applying 'when' to roles and includes
`````````````````````````````````````

Note that if you have several tasks that all share the same conditional statement, you can affix the conditional
to a task include statement as below.  Note this does not work with playbook includes, just task includes.  All the tasks
get evaluated, but the conditional is applied to each and every task::

    - include: tasks/sometasks.yml
      when: "'reticulating splines' in output"

Or with a role::

    - hosts: webservers
      roles:
         - { role: debian_stock_config, when: ansible_os_family == 'Debian' }

You will note a lot of 'skipped' output by default in Ansible when using this approach on systems that don't match the criteria.
Read up on the 'group_by' module in the `modules` docs for a more streamlined way to accomplish the same thing.

Conditional Imports
```````````````````

.. note:: This is an advanced topic that is infrequently used.  You can probably skip this section.

Sometimes you will want to do certain things differently in a playbook based on certain criteria.
Having one playbook that works on multiple platforms and OS versions is a good example.

As an example, the name of the Apache package may be different between CentOS and Debian,
but it is easily handled with a minimum of syntax in an Ansible Playbook::

    ---
    - hosts: all
      remote_user: root
      vars_files:
        - "vars/common.yml"
        - [ "vars/{{ ansible_os_family }}.yml", "vars/os_defaults.yml" ]
      tasks:
      - name: make sure apache is running
        service: name={{ apache }} state=running

.. note::
   The variable 'ansible_os_family' is being interpolated into
   the list of filenames being defined for vars_files.

As a reminder, the various YAML files contain just keys and values::

    ---
    # for vars/CentOS.yml
    apache: httpd
    somethingelse: 42

How does this work?  If the operating system was 'CentOS', the first file Ansible would try to import
would be 'vars/CentOS.yml', followed by '/vars/os_defaults.yml' if that file
did not exist.   If no files in the list were found, an error would be raised.
On Debian, it would instead first look towards 'vars/Debian.yml' instead of 'vars/CentOS.yml', before
falling back on 'vars/os_defaults.yml'. Pretty simple.

To use this conditional import feature, you'll need facter or ohai installed prior to running the playbook, but
you can of course push this out with Ansible if you like::

    # for facter
    ansible -m yum -a "pkg=facter ensure=installed"
    ansible -m yum -a "pkg=ruby-json ensure=installed"

    # for ohai
    ansible -m yum -a "pkg=ohai ensure=installed"

Ansible's approach to configuration -- separating variables from tasks, keeps your playbooks
from turning into arbitrary code with ugly nested ifs, conditionals, and so on - and results
in more streamlined & auditable configuration rules -- especially because there are a
minimum of decision points to track.

Selecting Files And Templates Based On Variables
````````````````````````````````````````````````

.. note:: This is an advanced topic that is infrequently used.  You can probably skip this section.

Sometimes a configuration file you want to copy, or a template you will use may depend on a variable.
The following construct selects the first available file appropriate for the variables of a given host, which is often much cleaner than putting a lot of if conditionals in a template.

The following example shows how to template out a configuration file that was very different between, say, CentOS and Debian::

    - name: template a file
      template: src={{ item }} dest=/etc/myapp/foo.conf
      with_first_found:
        files: 
           - {{ ansible_distribution }}.conf
           - default.conf
        paths:
           - search_location_one/somedir/
           - /opt/other_location/somedir/

Register Variables
``````````````````

Often in a playbook it may be useful to store the result of a given command in a variable and access
it later.  Use of the command module in this way can in many ways eliminate the need to write site specific facts, for
instance, you could test for the existence of a particular program.

The 'register' keyword decides what variable to save a result in.  The resulting variables can be used in templates, action lines, or *when* statements.  It looks like this (in an obviously trivial example)::

    - name: test play
      hosts: all

      tasks:

          - shell: cat /etc/motd
            register: motd_contents

          - shell: echo "motd contains the word hi"
            when: motd_contents.stdout.find('hi') != -1

As shown previously, the registered variable's string contents are accessible with the 'stdout' value.
The registered result can be used in the "with_items" of a task if it is converted into
a list (or already is a list) as shown below.  "stdout_lines" is already available on the object as
well though you could also call "home_dirs.stdout.split()" if you wanted, and could split by other
fields::

    - name: registered variable usage as a with_items list
      hosts: all

      tasks:

          - name: retrieve the list of home directories
            command: ls /home
            register: home_dirs

          - name: add home dirs to the backup spooler
            file: path=/mnt/bkspool/{{ item }} src=/home/{{ item }} state=link
            with_items: home_dirs.stdout_lines
            # same as with_items: home_dirs.stdout.split()


.. seealso::

   :doc:`playbooks`
       An introduction to playbooks
   :doc:`playbooks_roles`
       Playbook organization by roles
   :doc:`playbooks_best_practices`
       Best practices in playbooks
   :doc:`playbooks_conditionals`
       Conditional statements in playbooks
   :doc:`playbooks_variables`
       All about variables
   `User Mailing List <http://groups.google.com/group/ansible-devel>`_
       Have a question?  Stop by the google group!
   `irc.freenode.net <http://irc.freenode.net>`_
       #ansible IRC chat channel